2013 — Primary and secondary CU variants

Research question

Can meaningful variants of high-CU/high-conduct-problem adolescents be distinguished using anxiety and associated characteristics?

Finding

Two high-CU/high-conduct-problem groups were identified: a high-anxious secondary variant and a lower-anxious primary variant, with differences in self-esteem, narcissism, aggression, conduct problems, and social characteristics.

Why it matters

This deepens the heterogeneity claim: even within high-CU conduct problems, there may be distinct profiles.

Inference boundary

Latent profiles are empirically derived groupings; they are not proof of distinct causal etiologies.