2017 — Primary and secondary variants via startle

Finding

Latent profiles distinguished primary high-CU/high-aggression/low-maltreatment and secondary high-CU/high-aggression/high-maltreatment groups, with different affective startle patterns.

Why it matters

This extends heterogeneity into a justice-involved adolescent population and links subtype history/context to defensive physiology.

Inference boundary

Maltreatment-based latent classes and startle differences do not establish fixed biological subtypes or deterministic pathways.