2014 — Transactional parenting effects differ by CU trajectory

Finding

Conduct problems predicted later parenting distress particularly among children high in CU traits; parental distress predicted increases in conduct problems for low/decreasing CU groups, and maternal involvement showed a negative bidirectional association with conduct problems.

Why it matters

This is evidence against a simple one-way child-deficit model. Child behavior, CU profile, and parenting processes interact transactionally.